Which Of The Following Is The Most Common Of All Drawing Media

Section 10: Painting and Drawing

► Pigments

► Water-Based Paints

► Non Water-Based Paints

► Airbrush, Spray Cans and Spray Guns

► Dry Drawing Media

► Liquid Cartoon Media

The health hazards associated with painting and cartoon have been known since Ramazzini described such illnesses in 1713. Working safely can involve changes in how you select your art materials, and how you handle them.

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Pigments

Painters utilise pigments in oil paints, acrylics, watercolor paints, gouache, encaustic, affiche paints, casein paints and tempera. Sometimes commercial paints such as oil, enamel, epoxy paints and automobile paints are used.

Paints are pigments mixed with a vehicle or binder. Both inorganic and organic pigments are used as colorants. Dry pigments are especially hazardous because they are easily inhaled and ingested. They are used in encaustic, paper-marbleizing and in the fabrication of paint products, and volition exist discussed more thoroughly in the section below on pastels.

Pigments vs. Hues

Well-nigh paints used in Visual Arts do not comprise metal pigments and are considered non-toxic. These are most hands identified by the product proper name. If the pigment is described as hue, such as "chromium xanthous hue", there is no (or too little to be concerned well-nigh) toxic metal contained in the production.

Hazards

• Poisoning can occur if toxic pigments are inhaled or ingested. The master hazard in standard painting techniques is adventitious ingestion of pigments due to eating, drinking or smoking while working, inadvertent paw to mouth contact, or pointing the paint castor with the lips. If methods such as spraying, heating, or sanding are employed then there is an opportunity for inhalation of toxic pigments.
• The classic example of a toxic inorganic paint in painting is white atomic number 82, or fleck white (basic lead carbonate). Lead pigments can cause anemia, gastrointestinal problems, peripheral nerve impairment (and brain damage in children), kidney damage and reproductive system damage. Other inorganic pigments may be chancy, including pigments based on cobalt, cadmium, and manganese. (See Table 1)
• Some of the inorganic pigments, in detail cadmium pigments, chrome yellowish and zinc yellow may crusade lung cancer. In add-on lamp blackness and carbon black may contain impurities that can cause pare cancer.
• Chromate pigments (chrome yellowish and zinc yellowish) may crusade pare ulceration and allergic skin reactions (such as rashes).
• The long-term hazards of the modern synthetic organic pigments have not been well studied.

Precautions

• Obtain MSDSs on your paints to find out what pigments y'all are using. This is especially of import because the proper noun that appears on the tube of color may or may not truly represent the pigments present. Manufacturers may keep the name of a color while reformulating the ingredients.
• Apply the to the lowest degree toxic pigments possible. Do not use lead or carcinogenic pigments.
• Avert mixing dry out pigments whenever possible. If dry pigments are mixed, do it inside a glove box (a box with a glass or plexiglas elevation and holes in the sides for arms) or inside a laboratory-type fume hood.
• Moisture mop and wipe all surfaces when using dry pigments.

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Water-Based Paints

Water-based paints include h2o colour, acrylic, gouache, tempera and casein. Water is used for thinning and cleanup.

Hazards

• See section above for pigment hazards.
• Acrylic paints contain a small corporeality of ammonia. Some sensitive people may experience eye, nose and throat irritation from the ammonia. Acrylics and some gouaches contain a very small amount of formaldehyde every bit a preservative. Only people already sensitized to formaldehyde would experience allergic reactions from the trace amount of formaldehyde found in acrylics. The amounts can vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
• Casein paints use the protein casein as a binder. While soluble forms are available, casein can be dissolved in ammonium hydroxide which is moderately irritating by skin contact and highly irritating past centre contact, ingestion, and inhalation.
• All water-based paints contain a preservative to prevent mold or bacterial growth. Sometimes artists add preservatives when they make their own paints. Although present in small amounts, certain preservatives may cause allergic reactions in some people.

Precautions

• Run into department above for precautions when mixing dry pigments.
• If you add your own preservative, avert using sodium fluoride, phenol or mercury compounds. For tempera, a modest amount of pine oil works for brusque periods of fourth dimension.
• If you feel middle, nose or pharynx irritation while using acrylics, opening a window is usually sufficient; if not endeavor a window exhaust fan.
• If you mix casein paints using ammonium hydroxide, you will demand a window frazzle fan to provide ventilation.
• Wear gloves, goggles and protective frock when handling ammonia. An eyewash fountain should exist available when treatment ammonia.

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Non H2o-Based Paints

Oil paints, encaustic and egg tempera utilize linseed oil, wax and egg respectively as vehicles, although solvents are ofttimes used equally a thinner and for cleanup. Turpentine and mineral spirits (paint thinner), for example, are used in oil painting mediums, for thinning, and for cleaning brushes. Alkyd paints use solvents as their vehicle. In addition many commercial paints used by artists also contain solvents.

Hazards

• Run across section above for pigment hazards.
• All solvents can cause defatting of the pare and dermatitis from prolonged or repeated exposure. Turpentine can also crusade skin allergies and be captivated through the skin.
• Acute inhalation of high concentrations of mineral spirits, turpentine vapors, and other solvents can crusade narcosis, which tin can include symptoms of dizziness, headaches, drowsiness, nausea, fatigue, loss of coordination, blackout, as well as respiratory irritation.
• Chronic inhalation of large amounts of solvents could result in decreased coordination, behavioral changes and brain impairment. Chronic inhalation of turpentine can cause kidney impairment and respiratory irritation and allergies. Odorless mineral spirits and turpenoid, in which the aromatic hydrocarbons take been removed, are less chancy.
• Ingestion of either turpentine or mineral spirits can be fatal. In the case of mineral spirits, this is usually due to chemical pneumonia caused past aspiration (breathing in) of the mineral spirits into the lungs after airsickness.
• Natural resins (copal, damar, rosin, Japanese Lacquer) may cause skin irritation or allergies. Rosin dust tin crusade asthma.
• Encaustic involves suspending pigments in molten wax. If the wax is overheated, flammable wax vapors and wax decomposition fumes are produced, which are strong respiratory irritants.
• Epoxy paints consist of an epoxy resin component containing the pigment, and a hardener component. The epoxy resin may contain diglycidyl ethers which are irritants, may cause bone marrow damage, and are doubtable carcinogens. Epoxy hardeners may cause skin and respiratory allergies and irritation.

Precautions

• Whenever possible supersede turpentine or ordinary mineral spirits with the less toxic odorless mineral spirits. Mineral spirits is also less flammable than turpentine, since its flashpoint is over 100�F (38�C), while turpentine has a flashpoint of 95�F, (35�C).
• Apply the same health and prophylactic considerations for the use of "citrus" or "pine" solvents. These have been found to be quite irritating to the skin and eyes.
• If possible, artists should set up their easel about 3 feet from a window that has a fan exhausting at piece of work level and pulling the solvent vapors abroad from your face.
• Techniques such as turpentine washes will require a lot of ventilation considering they consequence in the evaporation of big amounts of solvents in a short period of time. Acrylic paint can be substituted for underpainting.
• Ventilation only needs to be provided while the solvent is evaporating from the canvas, not during the time while the oil paint picture show is drying (oxidizing).
• Wearable neoprene gloves while cleaning brushes with mineral spirits or turpentine.
• Used solvent can exist reclaimed past allowing the paint to settle and and then pouring off the clear solvent.
• Paint can be removed from your hands with baby oil, and and so lather and h2o.
• Wax should be just heated to the minimum temperature needed for proper menstruum of the paint. Do not heat with open flame or hot plate with exposed element.

Recommendation: During pregnancy and nursing, switch to water-based paints to avoid exposure to solvents.

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Airbrush, Spray Cans, and Spray Guns

Artists employ many products in spray form, including fixatives, retouching sprays, paint sprays, varnishes, and adhesive sprays. Airbrush, aerosol spray can and spray guns are used.

Hazards

• Spray mists are particularly hazardous because they are easily inhaled. If the paint being sprayed contains solvents, and then you tin can be inhaling liquid droplets of the solvents. In addition the pigments are too easily inhaled, creating a much more dangerous state of affairs than applying paint past castor.
• Droplets spray paints have an additional hazard also pigments and solvents. They contain propellants, usually isobutanes and propane, which are extremely flammable and accept been the cause of many fires. Other aerosol spray products such as retouching sprays, spray varnishes, etc. as well contain solvents, propellants and particulates being sprayed.
• Airbrushing produces a fine mist which is a serious inhalation hazard because artists work then close to their art work. Airbrushing solvent-containing paints is especially dangerous.
• Spray guns are less common in art painting but unremarkably involve spraying much larger quantities of pigment than either spray cans or airbrush. Spraying solvent-based paints is a serious fire hazard.

Precautions

• See department above for precautions with pigments.
• Endeavour to brush items rather than spraying if possible.
• Apply h2o-based airbrushing paints and inks rather than solvent-based paints.
• Use spray cans or an airbrush in a spray booth if possible.
• If ventilation is not adequate, then respiratory protection is necessary while air brushing or spraying. Contact EHS for selection and fit-testing.
• Never try to spray paint by bravado air from your mouth through a tube. This can atomic number 82 to accidental ingestion of the paint.

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Dry Drawing Media

This includes dust-creating media such as charcoal and pastels which are oft stock-still with droplets spray fixatives, and media such as crayons and oil pastels which exercise not create dust.

Hazards

• Pencils are made with graphite, rather than lead and are not considered a hazard. Colored pencils have pigments added to the graphite, but the amounts are small so that in that location is no significant risk of exposure. Over 10 years ago, a significant hazard in pencils was from lead chromate paint on the exterior of yellow pencils. Still this has since been eliminated every bit a hazard.
• Charcoal is unremarkably made from willow or vine sticks, where wood cellulose has been heated without moisture to create the blackness colour. Compressed charcoal sticks use diverse resins in a binder to create the color. Although charcoal is just considered a nuisance dust, inhalation of large amounts of charcoal dust can create chronic lung problems through a mechanical irritation and clogging outcome. A major source of charcoal inhalation is from the habit of blowing excess charcoal dust off the drawing.
• Colored chalks are besides considered nuisance dusts. Some chalks are dustier than others. Individuals who have asthma sometimes have bug with dusty chalks, but this is a nonspecific dust reaction, non a toxic reaction.
• Pastel sticks and pencils consist of pigments bound into solid form by a resin. Inhalation of pastel dusts is the major hazard. Some pastels are dustier than others. Pastels tin contain toxic pigments such equally chrome xanthous (lead chromate) which can cause lung cancer, and cadmium pigments (which tin cause kidney and lung impairment and are suspect human carcinogens). Blowing excess pastel grit off the drawing is one major source of inhalation of pastel pigments. Pastel artists have often complained of blowing their nose dissimilar colors for days later using pastels, a clear indication of inhalation.
• Crayons and oil pastels practise not present an inhalation hazard, and thus are much safer than pastels. Some oil pastels can comprise toxic pigments, only this is but a risk past accidental ingestion.
• Both permanent and workable spray fixatives used to fix drawings contain toxic solvents. There is loftier exposure by inhalation to these solvents because the products are sprayed in the air, often correct on a desk or easel. In addition you can exist inhaling the plastic particulates that comprise the fixative itself.
• Never endeavor to spray fixative by blowing air from your mouth through a tube. This tin can pb to adventitious ingestion of the fixative.

Precautions

• Employ the least dusty types of pastels, chalks, etc. Asthmatics in particular might desire to switch to oil pastels or similar non-dusty media.
• Spray fixatives should exist used with a spray berth that exhausts to the exterior. If utilise of spray fixatives is occasional, you lot can employ them outdoors with a NIOSH-approved respirator equipped with organic vapor cartridges and grit and mists filter for protection against inhalation of solvent vapors and particulates. An exhaust fan is also needed to remove organic vapors and particulates.
• Don't blow off excess pastel or charcoal dust with your mouth. Instead tap off the built upwards grit and so it falls to the floor (or paper on floor).
• Wet-mop and moisture-wipe all surfaces make clean of dusts.
• If inhalation of dusts is a problem, a respirator may be appropriate. Contact EHS for selection and fit-testing.

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Liquid Drawing Media

This includes both h2o-based and solvent-based pen and ink and felt tip markers. Hazards of dry erase or white board markers tin can exist considered here, although they are more used in teaching or commercial fine art.

Hazards

• Drawing inks are usually water-based, but there are some solvent-based drawing inks. These normally comprise toxic solvents like xylene.
• Permanent felt tip markers used in design or graphic arts contain solvents. Xylene, which is a highly toxic aromatic hydrocarbon, is the most common ingredient; newer brands often contain the less toxic propyl alcohol (although information technology is an eye, nose and throat irritant). The major chance from using permanent markers results from using a number of them at the same time at close range.

Precautions

• Utilize h2o-based markers and drawing inks if possible.
• Alcohol-based markers are less toxic than aromatic solvent-based markers.
• Solvent-based drawing inks and permanent markers should be used with good dilution ventilation (e.g. window frazzle fan).
• Never paint on the body with markers or drawing inks. Trunk painting should be done with corrective colors.

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Source: https://www.baylor.edu/ehs/index.php?id=94372

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